Arthur Miller is considered one of the greatest American playwrights of the 20th century. His best known plays include 'All My Sons,' 'A View from the Bridge,' 'The. ON THE TRAIL: Crater Lake Conor Knighton continues his year-long trek through America’s National Parks, with a visit to Crater Lake National Park in Oregon. Arkansas artists and entertainers accomplish big things. Meet famous Arkansans known for their contributions to arts & entertainment. World War I / Useful Notes. Plus, the names are kinda cool. It was the biggest, bloodiest, most expensive, most disruptive, most damaging and most traumatising war the world had ever seen.
It left millions dead, maimed, shell- shocked, dispossessed, impoverished, starving and bitter. Victory brought relief more than it did elation or sorrow, and in the aftermath the victorious powers resolved to form a better world from the ashes of the old—albeit in more or less exactly the same image as that of the old, save the addition of more and worse economic and ethnic problems. And he has to an exceptional degree the gift of creating and communicationg. This was a war that crushed attitudes, destroyed countless lives, brought down four great(- ish) empires and in its conclusion sowed the seeds of further conflict and suffering. The extent to which it did all these things made the First World War a war the likes of which the world had never seen.. Ironically, The Napoleonic Wars had previously been known as The Great War until this one broke out. This was quite possibly the most unpopular widespread conflict in the history of civilization in hindsightnote though for many in Eastern Europe, this war (which ended in their countries' independence) is more popular than World War II (which ended with the Soviets occupying their countries for 4. It perhaps comes a close second in the Anglosphere for The Vietnam War, and by some measures manages to beat Algeria in the Francosphere (when the speaker knows, and can bear, to bring the latter up). In hindsight, the final resolution of the war has come to be dubbed . Although Russian mobilization is closely modeled on and just as if not more efficient than French mobilization (1. Russia is a much bigger country than France and so it takes a few days on top of that to move the last of those shiny new units to wherever you want them. That doesn't even begin to cover the way that France has an army only a little bit smaller than Germany's (4/5 the size including reserves), mobilizes quicker than Germany can, and will support Russia (by attacking Germany) in any war between the two . Italy also wants Austro- Hungarian territories that contain Italian minorities, but the latter won't give them up even to preserve their alliance. On 1 August France and Germany mobilize their reserves simultaneously, Germany's mobilization coming with a formal declaration of war (upon France, Belgium, and Luxembourg). Britain declares war upon Germanynote because the Cabinet had agreed that they would go to war if Germany declared war on Belgium. There was a group of hardliners who wanted war with Germany no matter what, but the Cabinet as a whole felt that entering a war and formally joining the Entente Cordiale would be deeply unpopular unless it was done in response to an invasion of Belgium. Unspoken was the way the war was a marvelous opportunity to submerge internal dissent (chiefly Irish devolution, safe working conditions and livable pay, and womens' rights) and cripple the German economy , and members of the British Commonwealth - India, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, among others - follow suit. German army against France and c. Russia. The plan is flexible, so deployed troops can be used for offensive or counter- offensive actions. Under Chief- of- Staff Schlieffen (retired 1. But his successor Chief of Staff Moltke advocated offensive instead on grounds that the tactical efficiency of the defense was only marginal and (thus) always being the attacker was crucial to victory in any battle (as 'proved', inverted commas, in Russo- Japanese War). Either way, 'Decisive Battle' only possible in west—maximum of 4. Army could be deployed and kept supplied in East, so victory there would be neither as tactically nor strategically decisive (German force would be too small and Russian ability to replace losses very good). Aufmarsch I entails invasion of (northern) Belgium and Luxembourg with c. French Army. French armies, Russian armies, BEF of 5. German force of 2. Belgium meets French force of 2. French force attacks during heavy downpours without scouting out the German positions or waiting for their artillery to catch up—takes heavy losses. German force disobeys orders to continue moving north- west and instead pursues fleeing French forces south- west. The German force then uses rail network to re- group and meet up with 2. France, mass, and launch counter- offensive against second Russian force of 2. Lithuania at Masurian Lakes—German force too weak and exhausted to pursue them into Lithuania proper, where the freshly- mobilized Russian Reserve Army of c. German army opportunistically hounds southward retreat of French forces, pursuit grinds to halt east of Paris on river Marne note This second offensive most definitely premature, unwise—Belgian rail lines still not repaired at time, meaning the German right- wing armies are over 1. The logistics- horses for these armies also have no food (in the short- term meaning weakness as well as exhaustion, which contributes to crippling rates of sickness among the poor creatures, and in the long- term meaning death). German army not as well- equipped with non- rail transport as French Army, assumption of pre- war planning being that Germany would be on the defensive in at least the initial stage of a war with France and Russia. Conversely, French Army well- equipped with non- rail transport due to provision of pre- war planning (Plan XVII) for invasion of Belgian and German territory in support of Russia . However, Ottomans lack specialized crew for them so pre- existing crews are allowed to remain on them while they train Ottoman Navy personnel in use of the ships. Then, when both ships have been allowed into the Black Sea and are officially under the Ottoman flag, crews mutiny and sail off to shell Russian ports. Russia wants the greater influence over the Balkans that would come with the destruction of The Ottoman Empire and notes that Britain will be able to help out by attacking The Ottomans directly (and they might even end up doing most of the work), so this means war! German surface- raiders—many disguized as fast merchant shipsnote Merchant ships are (much) faster than (heavily- armoured, heavily- armed, and slow) 'battle- ships' and have much greater range than torpedo- boats (tiny boats everyone uses for riverine and coastal defense) and 'torpedo- boat- destroyers' (small ships with light, rapid- fire armament designed to destroy the unarmoured torpedo- boats in defense of battleships). Emptying the holds of a merchant ship and giving it some guns is child's play, and something pretty much everyone had thought of. Britain built a very large 'cruiser' (lightly- armoured, fast, and moderately- well- armed warships) force to hunt down other cruisers and these armed merchant ships. Britain also built a handful of 'battlecruisers' (ships with the armament of battleships and the armour and speed of cruisers) to serve as flagships for hunter- killer squadrons of British cruisers (when hunting other cruisers). This two- decade- old, very large cruiser- battlecruiser force was tailor- made to counter the French navy (which fielded an ominously large force of extra- fast merchant- ship- hunting cruisers)—wreak minor havoc among Entente shipping. Germany and Austria- Hungary make concerted effort to knock Serbia and Russia out of war within the year, but ultimately fail despite limited success in taking Serbia and Poland — poorer infrastructure of Russia (including severe shortages of bullets, guns and boots for their troops) and inferiority in horses means logistical advantage lies with Russian army, this offsetting Germans' greater combat- efficiency and poor state of Russian planning and communications. Despite heavy losses Russian forces fall back in good order from Poland to line along Dvina river and Pripyet Marshes, thereby shortening the front and also losing the 'dead weight' of ethnic- Polish forces reluctant to fight and eager to surrender. Losses of artillery assets in particular by Russian forces causes Russian government to adopt dangerously over- extensive program of mobilization exacerbated by her total economic isolation, as result of loss of virtually all international trade. This amphibious offensive fails and French, British and Commonwealth forces (Australian, New Zealand and Indian) launch a land offensive that results in a sideshow stalemate that echoes the Western Front on a smaller scale, to no gains. The Dardanelles campaign ends with an evacuation of Entente forces in late 1. Germans assist Ottoman defense. Future leader of the Turkish Republic Mustafa Kemal (Atat. German colonies occupied, but isolated resistance continues. Conscription used to build British and some Commonwealth forces up to levels where they can relieve pressure on Franco- Russian manpower reserves. British blockade now 1. Scandinavian ports mined and all Scandinavian shipping intercepted. Diplomatic coup for Entente as Italy is persuaded to join them with promises of large strips of Austro- Hungarian and Ottoman territory; Italy declares war on Austria- Hungary on 2. Italian offensive operations impossible. Under Chief of Staff Falkenhayn, strategy of simply exhausting France's manpower reserves by using Germany's artillery superiority to decimate them with minimal German losses ('artillery destruction' tactics) decided upon, employed in battle at Verdun starting 2. French rail- supply poor, and German good. Not as effective as hoped— German Fifth Army under Crown Prince Wilhelm decides of own initiative to attempt to capture Verdun . Somewhat ironically, these device were first employed by Volunteer Fire Department members. These gave him false confidence that capturing the ground was possible, though the actual merits of doing so (glory for himself and his men, without aiding Germany's wider war effort) were every bit as bankrupt as they appeared . French Army also has world's largest pool of motor- transport, not as reliant on rail- supply as expected.
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